Motivation and Your Career

A spot-on career choice can be judged as so because it results in certain outcomes. Among these is that a happy worker feels stimulated and continually interested in what they are doing, enjoys the compensation and recognition they receive, is content with a well calibrated work/life balance, and thrives on being productive. Satisfied workers do not have to be told to get busy. They are internally motivated to do so. 

It is no secret that employers want motivated employees. Companies get high productivity without the intrusive burden of having to implement excessive oversight and punitive incentives. Having inspired employees can make it easier for management to retain talent and maximize performance. Given these potential advantages and benefits it would be expected that recruiting and keeping these intrinsically motivated workers would be a high priority for company management. 

So, why does it seem that front offices miss the mark so often as evidenced by too many workers being largely unhappy with their jobs and who are just going through the motions to get a paycheck? The conventional attitude has been and continues to be among the general workforce that work stinks and is done only because it needs to be and is not because people love their jobs. 

It is in the interests of employers and employees alike to reverse this situation. To do so, it may be worth examining characteristics of the motivated employee at the workplace. 

To be fair, it is not simply a matter of employers alone creating a magical set of conditions which result in a motivated and positive workforce. Motivation, and its close cousin engagement, are the co-responsibility of employer and employee alike and should be delivered in equal parts from both. 

Regarding the individual worker, successful ones bring to the workforce an innate and compelling belief to be independently conscientious, dependable, and efficient. They want to do fascinating and highly interesting things and are energized by a sense of accomplishment. Driven by values and vision, the motivated working person strives to produce quality products and services that are desired by managers and customers alike — both to satisfy stakeholders and themselves. 

Fulfillment with career choice and direction comes largely from within and is not principally from what others can consequentially provide for them. These are the kinds of employees or contracted independents who add value beyond implementation of an organization’s stated business. They are keepers for sure. 

The obvious objective for companies is to figure out how to populate their workforces with as many motivated and engaged employees as possible. It should begin with management recognizing that motivation is at the core of performance and that they share in the responsibility of fostering it among their employees. 

In practice, this means partly devising the right mix of meaningful rewards and extrinsic motivators. Competitive monetary compensation, attractive fringe benefits, generous vacation time, family care and leave flexibility, job security to the extent that is possible these days, and internal and public recognition all significantly contribute to workforce motivation. 

However, employer facilitation does not end there anymore. There is an intangible consideration that more workers are expecting from their employers, and it involves sharing an emotional and purposeful connection that what is collectively being done at work matters. It is easier for everyone to feel as if they are being treated right when there exists a shared belief that the organizational mission and vision holds great value for others, the community, even the planet. 

For employers to actively express appreciation in as many ways as possible to their workers for participating in a common ambition will enhance employee involvement. Reducing or eliminating any discrepant gaps between an employer’s business and their individual employee’s career goals, including intrinsic motivators, will necessarily result in a high engagement and more productive work environment. 

When employers can begin moving away from thinking that the traditional carrot and stick, if-then, extrinsic-only approach to incentivizing is their only responsibility in creating motivated workforces and alternatively accept and embrace the internal drive, values, and career intent of their workers, then companies and organizations will yield more gain from colleagues who are only too glad to contribute. 

Entrepreneurs and Joblessness

It does not look like joblessness is going to be easing anytime soon. Even though business orders are up, cash reserves are high, and overtime is wearing out employees. Unfortunately, economic conditions still do not seem to be stimulative enough to increase hiring. 

For the unemployed this is especially aggravating. Most are hopeful, perhaps desperate is the more accurate word, that “companies” will someday begin hiring again, that employers of businesses both large and small will again provide all the jobs we need like they did before. 

And what help can be expected from the government? Although the Democrats stimulus plan helped to avert another Great Depression and created or saved 2-4 million jobs it has not sufficiently convinced businesses or their lenders that there is enough stability and predictability to start hiring. The Republicans, on the other hand, are still convinced that no government plan is best and that if we can just keep taxes to the rich low and markets free of regulation all will recover nicely (President Bush’s tax cut to the rich is now nine years old and that worked out well, didn’t it?!).  

This joblessness problem is bigger than politicians can remedy with trite ideological positions and reheated campaign phrases. Here in New Hampshire, listening to the current crop of political ads can hardly give hope to the jobless. They sound like parodies of… well political campaign ads. 

We hear candidates telling us that their honesty and business acumen will “fix the economy”. Really? This is one heck of a big mess that will not be solved by way of polarization, finger-pointing, and outrageous claims of superhuman economic abilities. It begins with everyone seeing themselves as Americans first and Democrats, Republicans, Independents, Tea Partyers, or whatever, second. Nobody and no political persuasion have all the answers. When the nation’s most renowned economists cannot agree on what is the right course of action, then that tells me that this is really complicated and requires the collaboration of our greatest efforts, not simplistic political phrases. 

If I had a quick and easy answer or method to suggest that would lessen the pain of unemployment, believe me, I’d give it to you. But just like our candidates, be they lobbyists, lawyers, or magazine editors, I don’t have a magic bullet for fixing this unemployment mess and I have yet to run into anyone else who has one. 

So, while we wait for our leaders to work together, jobless Americans need to be as proactive as they can. Assume for starters that we are not going back to Pleasantville. For the short-term, anyway, there is going to be a new normal. I think it will help to get yourself in the mindset of treating yourself as if you were self-employed… an entrepreneur. Avoid wallowing in despair and depression and instead face your situation as if you are trying to generate business for your own owner-operated company, the business of you. 

Be clear on what you can offer and then constantly look for opportunities to practice your skills. Volunteer, work temporarily, accept positions for now that pay less than before, keep studying, keep networking, do whatever it takes to stay in the game. Recessions historically generate entrepreneurial activity and given how deep this one is, the entrepreneurial reaction of citizens should be strong. 

Losing your identity is as bad, if not worse, than losing your money. Can you still say what you “are”, be it bookkeeper, truck driver, or seamstress? You are out of work, not out of life. Find a way to stay engaged in what you do and in who you are. Losing your job is not the same thing as losing your profession. 

The evidence that we are headed more and more into a freelance nation is continuously being reinforced. Waiting for the old normal of “getting a job” may never again be the same for millions of Americans. Begin making the mental shift now to being independent. It may be the only thing related to your work that you can control. 

Career Communication Management

It is certainly not news that competition for quality career-building jobs in New Hampshire is relatively tight. Although the state’s employment statistics are brighter than the national ones, it is still a tough time for employees wanting to move forward in their careers given that companies are being very cautious about adding personnel back to their payrolls. 

For many of today’s job seekers knowing the basics of networking, contemporary job search techniques, and the importance of refining one’s job interview performance may not be enough. To be an optimized job seeker in these competitive times means that you either need to acquire a career communications manager, who can help position you for targeted employment openings, or learn the tactics of becoming your own. Let me explain. 

Presenting yourself professionally to advance career transitions or even to practice and maintain career fitness involves constructing a comprehensive and cohesive communications campaign. Crafting and disseminating a strongly branded self-promotional message about yourself places you in a situation that is more open to career enhancing opportunities and gives you added competitive cache when compared to the legions of overworked or discouraged pros who do not take the time to make and manage such information. 

Recruiters, hiring managers, background checkers, former and current colleagues, competitors, prospective customers or clients, industry pros, and executives are all among the eyeballs who at some time may or will be checking you out. What will they find? A shallow outline loosely held up by an old-fashioned white bread resume or a dynamic and rich presentation that communicates experience, significance, and value across multiple platforms. 

I know full well that the last thing you want to hear about is that there is more to do to keep up, when you like most professionals, are already struggling with achieving career development and work/life balance simultaneously. But to those for whom it is important to be in the leader pack, here is what I suggest for you to be an effective career communications manager: 

Develop your resume as a value proposition and branding anchor. In general, try to include the following elements. 

  • A compact positioning statement or self-marketing tagline. 
  • From there, include a supporting career profile summary ending with an objective. 
  • Be sure that enough descriptors are included, so that a reader can mentally merge your personality, work style characteristics, and expertise. 
  • A list of significant accomplishments (your greatest hits) written in the CAR style, i.e., the Challenge with which you were faced, followed by the Action you took, and ending with the positive Results that were realized. Quantifying these accomplishments will strengthen them. 
  • A work history that is more focused on tasks and responsibilities which you performed and your past titles, dates, employers, and locations. 
  • Education, certifications, professional association memberships, and quotes from satisfied supervisors and customers can round out a great resume. 

Having undergone this resume exercise, you are ready to now promote yourself online.  Begin with LinkedIn. Build a LinkedIn profile to reflect your resume. Amplify your brand by joining industry discussion groups and establishing networking connections. Consider taking this a step further by using Twitter to join in conversations pertaining to industry matters with the pros you want to follow and to be heard from. 

Continue by building a career communications portfolio in paper and online formats, the parts of which can be retrieved as you need them. The parts of a complete career portfolio include such items as brand or Unique Selling Proposition statements, CAR stories, testimonials, one paragraph and two-page biographies, and even thirty-second to two-minute video elevator pitches that you can post on your website or YouTube. These are all useful tools for the pro who takes professional projection and reputation seriously. 

Strategically communicating your value for potential employers and building your career development ROI is an effort worth the time. Do not think of this as just a Recessionary quick fix, but rather as a way of shaping long-term professional growth. 

The Need to Maintain an Online Presence

I’m 57 years old and can remember a time when one could live in relative obscurity. People were based in community and workplaces physically and in real time. There were nearby family and friends of course, but one’s social network didn’t expand nearly as far as it does now. 

If you are thinking in 2010 that your presence and position in the world is only as wide as you have traditionally wanted it to be, i.e., just keeping an inner circle of family and friends, then you are limiting not just the scope of your social life, but also of career development opportunities. 

We can find and check out more people now than ever before. Conversely, we can be found and checked out by more people than ever before. Sound creepy? Perhaps, but it is the way it now is thanks to technology. 

We do have a choice, though. Bemoan the new reality and wish for the old days or we can learn to engage, maybe even embrace this interconnectedness, because as many now know, despite all the risks and flaws, social media and ubiquitous computing also has benefits and value. Among the advantages is being able to manage your reputation, brand, and persona. 

Now, if you do not want to be found by anyone, then hopefully you are secure in what you do for work and can count on it sustaining you for a long while. Because if you find yourself suddenly thrust into a job transition it will be not only harder to get noticed, but more importantly difficult to be able to impress hiring authorities who will be looking to investigate you online. 

Here are two things that you do not want potential employers finding out about you when they look for you online: 

  1. Little if any presence
  2. A presence that looks empty, not maintained, ambiguous, blahhhh…

So, what can you do? I would start with the following: 

  1. LinkedIn. If you want to be taken seriously as a professional contributor, then you need a LinkedIn profile. If you already have a decent resume, then let it anchor and be your guide for building the profile. If you have not worked on your resume recently, meaning in the past two years or more, then you should probably get that house in order first. Extend from profile building to joining relevant groups, growing your connection list, and learning how to conduct people and company searches.
  2. Get engaged with Twitter. I hope that you are aware by now that Twitter is not just for kids and people with too much time on their hands. You can follow and participate in some great industry streams of thought. It is a way to get noticed, find people you should know about, and learn a lot at the same time.
  3. Do you have a web site or bio on someone else’s site? How do you look? Is your value and contribution, potential or actual, being communicated accurately, strongly, clearly?
  4. What comes up when your name is googled? Our closets have gotten smaller and easier for job killing skeletons to lurk. You want to have a positive image of yourself to be better optimized than a negative one.
  5. I must admit that I am not really into the Facebook culture, but I know that the rest of the world is. So, I maintain a professional look on FB and do not mention what I watched on television last night or who I saw at what party. If you are into posting a lot of personal stuff on Facebook (and that is the point, right?) then I would be clear on how your security settings are configured. A clash between personal and professional imagery might work against you.
  6. Consider joining some other sites that are designed to profile you or that allow you to post blogs. Sharing expertise builds your brand and strengthens your reputation.

The name of this game is constructing and cultivating a professional reputation that is available for the world to see and to learn from. Is this all too much to consider when you already have so many other things to do? Well, that’s why there are people like me around to help. 

 

Building the Right Kinds of Capital

To progress in your career no longer means simply getting better and better at some skill or becoming more knowledgeable about a particular topic so that your employer benefits. Rather, you expand your expertise so that you can become more professional to position yourself to offer your intrinsic talents to employers who need them at just the right time. 

In today’s employment world you improve what you do and know, because ultimately what you must rely on is your own ability to offer needed professionalism to those willing to pay for it. Among the lessons learned in this Great Recession is that employment security with a company or organization is less and less certain. Therefore, the only boss we really must answer to is ourselves. 

To that end, I would like to suggest a professional self-improvement model first developed by Mansour Javidan, a researcher and professor at the Thunderbird School of Global Management in Arizona. 

He proposes understanding three types of capital: intellectual, emotional, and social, which have been developed by managers who work in global markets and with international direct reports. Without going too deeply into his theory, I am proposing that these three types of capital apply in career development. 

To enhance your marketable expertise requires this three-pronged approach, which will result in you becoming more knowledgeable, energized, and better able to take advantage of opportunities in today’s employment arena. 

Intellectual capital refers to the body of knowledge needed to be good at what you do. As a lifelong learner you should always be comprehending more fully the scope and range of all there is to know to keep you ahead of the curve and certain of your field’s best practices and important issues. 

You keep this knowledge acquisition continuous through a variety of means like: 

  • Day to day engagement and practice 
  • Keep up with relevant topics presented in the media and your professional organizations 
  • Track and participate in related discussions in your slice of the blogosphere and networking groups, both face-to-face and online. 

Being aware of the evolving nature of your industry is fundamental in enhancing your strength and managing any weaknesses as you seek opportunities. 

Emotional capital is what you build the more you work at what you most want to do and are best at doing. To be truly fulfilling, work should be intrinsically motivating and not just done for external rewards like a paycheck. Your work should be to express your vocation. 

It is necessary, therefore, for us to constantly be striving to create conditions by which we shed doing those tasks that drain us and take on those tasks that energize us. Profound work satisfaction is possible when we closely align our passions, interests, talents, and aptitudes with the jobs we have taken on to do. Our spirits can be lifted as we expertly provide a service to employers or clients in need. At this point, we no longer need to compartmentalize our work life from who we really are as individuals. 

Often referred to as networking, building and maintaining social capital, it is the third leg of the professional growth stool. 

To discover new career opportunities is largely the result of quality connections we make with others who are acquainted with our value. Growing and sustaining this pool of contacts should be purposeful and strategic. Managing your professional brand and reputation will allow others who a) need your services or b) can be a source of referrals, to find out about you. 

Favorable circumstances just do not occur by chance alone. They are made by extending ourselves to the industry community of insiders and customers. Being well connected gives you options and the liberty to chart the direction of your career.  

Take the time to assess how effectively you are building these three kinds of capital. It is not just something you do during a job search. Shaping your career is a perpetual process that only you can control. 

Ten Basic Steps to Career Development

When you decide that employment inertia is no longer working for you or you find that economic conditions beyond your control have thrust you into a job or possibly a career change, then you need a plan. The better you accept and strategically deal with change, the more likely a positive outcome can be realized. 

As a career transition specialist, I have determined ten important steps that must be followed to form a complete plan. As you read the steps below, assess for yourself if you have a grasp on some of these or if you need to develop and refine certain ones. You will know that you have mastered most if not all ten steps when you feel deep contentment with your career. 

My pick for the ten practical basic steps to career development are: 

  1. Choose your “industry“. It may be as clear-cut as pharmaceuticals or physics, or it may be a hybrid like combining social work with animal rescue. But whatever you decide, be clear that you are in a field that you care about and would like to grow in.
  2. Determine and promote your value proposition or unique selling proposition, including a branding process. Everyone needs to market themselves if they are to find career options and opportunities.
  3. Having a strong resume.  Prepare a resume that highlights your significance and employment value. It is more relevant today than ever before. Make this a document that has you truly shining.
  4. Distribute cover letters that open doors.  In general, the more targeted a cover letter is written, the greater are your chances for an interview. But also consider the cold cover letter that can make a hiring manager sit up and take notice.
  5. Maximize the power of LinkedIn. It is a small jump from a solid resume to a powerful LinkedIn profile. Someone who may consider you for an interview or to hire you will most likely look for your LI presence. Be there and look good.
  6. Know job search best practices.  Still looking in the newspaper for who is hiring? Job search techniques have been identified that will increase your chances of getting the work you want. Become familiar with what works and do not waste time and energy with what does not.
  7. Networking, networking, and networking. No longer just a job search tactic, networking is a systematic cultivation of people who can be a valuable resource for career opportunities. Build and maintain a rich network of such contacts. Smart professionals are always networking, even and especially, when they are employed.
  8. Develop your intellectual capital through research. Know as much as possible about trends, practices, threats, and strengths in your chosen industry and/or with key companies. This will increase your credibility and professional instincts. Adding to your expertise should never stop.
  9. Practice informational interviews. As a subset of the last two mentioned steps, informational interviews assist you in building a knowledge base and learning from people in the know. Set up short fact-gathering sessions with insiders to expand both your intellectual and your social capital. 
  10. Strengthen your job interview performance. Be well prepared for all types of job interviews. This is not just about memorizing answers to common questions. It is about leveraging confidence, knowledge, and skills to craft a presentation that leads to a satisfying career move.

Implementing a plan consisting of these ten steps will better position you for the work life you desire. Make no mistake, doing all of this is a lot of work and it is not easy. But as the world of work moves increasingly toward one in which the professional is the primary caregiver of themselves, it is a necessary one. 

The Importance of Informational Interviews

Any career transition strategy must include evidence that the job seeker or job changer is involved in continuous learning. With competition for jobs tighter than ever, it creates a buyer market for hiring managers and recruiters. They can select from among the best in the talent pool and part of being the best is for the professional to be engaged in their field through a never-ending process of learning and refinement. 

I would recommend to any client going into a job interview that they make sure the interviewer knows that they are enthused and energized by their line of work or chosen profession and that they are constantly seeking ways to grow and learn more deeply and broadly about it. 

Now this does not have to mean just taking formal classes or matriculating into degree programs, although doing so can certainly count as concrete evidence. Additional continuous learning techniques can be accomplished through on-the-job-training, networking with those possessing expertise, joining and following relevant LinkedIn groups, getting involved with professional association activities and resources, and the one I would like to focus on today, the informational interview. 

This method is great for targeted learning about types of jobs. It is all about information gathering and when done well can leave you much more knowledgeable about where you want and do not want to go with your career. As an added benefit, informational interviewing can expand your network and serve as a self-promotion or marketing tactic that may pay off with learning about interesting and new opportunities down the road.  

The first thing to know about informational interviews is that they are not job interviews. The purpose is to ask proven professionals for advice and insight. They can help the job seeker learn more about specific careers, industries, and companies, resulting in you knowing much more about each than you did before. 

To do this well, however, you need to be someone who can reach out to these people in the know and make a request for an informational interview. In many cases this may mean making a cold contact — everybody’s favorite thing to do! But with practice, even the most introverted among us can get into the outreach zone. 

Keep this in mind, most people like to be asked about what they know and are good at. Who does not like to talk about themselves? Many current pros probably did some informational interviewing when they were considering transitions and feel it is appropriate to give back.   

Finding people to interview will require some homework. LinkedIn and Twitter along with other face-to-face networking through professional associations, Chambers of Commerce, alumni associations, professional journals or other publications, workshops, conferences, and social events can all turn up interesting people with whom to speak. 

Once you identify some potential contacts, approach them first in writing by explaining who you are and provide some professional background along with a specific purpose of your contact and your contact information. Request a twenty-minute time slot. (If lucky, it will go longer). Determine with them if face-to-face, phone, or Skype is the best way to talk. 

Never go into one of these ill prepared. Get as much background information together by visiting the organization’s or industry’s web sites beforehand along with pre-determined questions ready to use. 

You are asking them about things like: 

a typical day 

workplace environment and conditions 

necessary training and education requirements 

anticipated job prospects 

company and industry culture 

earnings potential 

typical company and industry career paths 

what their recommendations and warnings are 

best practices 

how they stack up with the competition 

I am sure that you can think of others. Hopefully, the conversation will begin to flow and take on a life of its own. 

As you conclude, ask if there is anyone else they can recommend for you to interview. After all, this is part of your continuous learning plan. There is always more to read and someone else to meet. 

Performance Review Lite

The recent mass firing of an entire high school staff in Central Falls, RI is remarkable on several levels. And one of these is that there were many teachers fired who had not only a history of loyalty to the school and community but had years’ worth of positive evaluations or performance reviews. 

No one can argue that an organization, whether a school or business, should have a fair and effective means of determining whether employees are working to capacity and serving as a valued resource. A solid employee appraisal process gives management an opportunity to present positive feedback and to point out ways in which employee performance may need strengthening. 

It is a time when organizational and worker goals can be reviewed and aligned, and if relevant, obstacles to optimal performance can be identified and remediated. Through continuous refinement, the performance review process can add potency to organizational operations. 

But what happens when performance reviews are just an empty meaningless management tactic that really holds no operational value or legitimacy? That appears to have been the case in Central Falls.  

I had an opportunity lately to speak with some of the current and soon to be former staff of Central Falls High School and as would be expected they were disgruntled with what occurred. But the one single complaint that was heard most often was the one concerning the apparent lack of weight given to performance reviews. How can it be, they rightly ask, that teachers who had proven their merit through a negotiated performance review process did not have that process factor into their dismissal decision? All the effort placed by administrators into evaluating staff was wasted, since their assessment work had no bearing when it came to a mass firing. 

So why did the school district bother with performance reviews? One of the reasons why they occur is to identify employee training needs. Given that this school had a history of low-functioning students from low-income homes, it seems reasonable to assume that staff training needed to be better concentrated on improving student achievement with a challenging population such as this one. 

One wonders to what extent this training happened. Is it reasonable to assume that all the teachers were so incompetent that they were incapable of addressing the serious educational needs of an admittedly difficult student body? I think it was easier to just fire everybody, rather than to try building an effective training program. 

Another important function of performance reviews is to diagnose weaknesses to better address organizational inefficiencies. When an organization deteriorates to the point that its shortcomings are overwhelming, the question arises as to whether the blame lies more with the workforce or the leadership. 

It is difficult to see how this school was well administered. Education is difficult, but it is not particle physics. A more strategic attempt to use performance reviews as part of a plan to better target and mitigate organizational imperfections could have been a more humane and intelligent approach to strengthen the school. 

Perhaps the most important reason for having performance reviews is that they provide opportunities for employees and management to have frank and solution-oriented discussions of workplace issues. People do not go into teaching for money and prestige, but to try making a difference in their communities and to the lives of youth. It is one of those jobs that combines art, science, and passion to produce competence and effectiveness… not unlike many jobs out there. 

Members of an organization need to be able to collaborate forcefully on making quality decisions and solving problems. Institutionalizing improvement measures internally is paramount for an organization in crisis. 

Can you imagine the lack of cooperation and trust between management and rank and file that results in the firing of every employee? This is a case study of organizational failure. 

Steps to Starting a Career Plan

When working with young people in career development, by which I mean teenager to approximately age twenty-five, I find that there are most often two distinct types of clients: Those with their heads in the clouds and those who can’t get up off the ground. 

It is tough figuring out a career path. Most of us find that there comes a time when we are forced into having to earn money and we try to do it as painlessly as possible. At the same time, we know that we must knock our “growing-up” a notch or two and start planning to do more than work minimum wage jobs. 

But how to make career related decisions that move you forward when most of what you have known is being told by teachers and parents what to do next? 

Getting started on a career is largely determined by how you make decisions and what those decisions are. The first step in career development is always to undergo a self-assessment and the first question to ask yourself is, “What is my decision-making style?” 

Understanding what problems need to be solved, systematically determining fixed conditions from variables within situations, and being able to reasonably project the likely consequences of various options taken is an approach that should position you for opportunities.  

Easier said than done? Let us look at some steps that I feel young people entering the workforce with the hope of beginning some sort of career should consider. 

  • Have a career advisor. This could be a professional, family member, or trusted friend, but someone who is willing to engage you through an intelligent process of making career-oriented decisions. This could take some time, so the advisor should be someone who does not tire of the process too soon.  
  • Assess thyself. First mentioned above, the value of a self-analysis cannot be overstated. You need to know clearly what your entry levels of skills, aptitudes, talents, values and most of all interests, are. Interest precedes capacity. You will develop most that which you care about. 
  • Begin establishing your network. Building, growing, and maintaining a professional network is an important part of any serious career. Making contacts with those who share your career interests and with whom you begin networking by helping and being helped, will set you up for valuable learning and employment experiences. 
  • Build interpersonal and teamwork skills. Employers are almost always looking for people who can work together well with others. Place yourself in situations in which you learn how to get a job done with others. Join clubs, volunteer, be available to help and work with others whenever the opportunity arises. 
  • Write the first draft of your resume. Expect that your resume will undergo many iterations over the years, so the sooner you get started the better. Writing this document forces you to paint a professional self-portrait that details your significant characteristics. 
  • Complete a Myers Briggs Type Indicator. Become familiar with the construct of personality type theory and see how your personality measures up. You will learn some valuable information about yourself that will assist you in knowing how you take in and process information, make decisions, and express yourself to others. 
  • Over time, relate your skills, values, personality traits, and interests to a small set of career choices. Remember, you are not choosing the one job in your life. This is the 21st century. You will hop onto the first of many stepping-stones that will lead you on a non-linear career path with one job leading to another. 
  • Use informational interviews and job shadowing to learn more. Gather the data you need to both learn about viable career options and to begin making professional relationships that will translate into options and possibilities.   

Careers do not just happen for most of us. They are built. If you seem lost and without direction, then you need a plan. Can’t plan on your own? There is help available. Find it. 

Can They Ask That in an Application?

There are some questions that just should not be asked in an interview. In fact, Human Resource professionals know that legal complications can occur if questions that are too probing crop up during that check-out-the-potential-employee event. 

Of course, an employer wants to know who they are getting. Why should they hand the keys to the castle to someone who is incompetent, a self-aggrandizer, or worse? The drive to mine as deeply as possible into every aspect of the job candidate is intense when what is at stake is spending cherished company resources onboarding and training in hopes a value-added asset has been acquired. 

However, there are rules as to how far an interviewer can go. Specifically, interviewers should stay away from the following: 

  • Are you a U.S. citizen? (Of course, the employer can ask for proof of eligibility after the candidate has been hired.) 
  • What is your native language? 
  • Are you married? 
  • Do you have kids? 
  • How long have you lived here? 
  • What religion do you practice? 
  • Do you plan on becoming pregnant? 
  • How old are you? 
  • What clubs do you belong to? 
  • When do you plan to retire? 
  • Do you have a disability or chronic illness? 

And this is not the complete list of no-no questions. Clearly, privacy rights are being weighted in favor of the job candidate. Or are they? 

Have you filled out a job application lately…especially for a professional position? There is a major healthcare provider in New Hampshire that has a job application that looks downright 1984-Big Brother-ish in its line of questioning. Although I haven’t conducted an exhaustive study of statewide applications, my hunch is that these guys are not alone. 

Questions asking the applicant’s age, ethnicity, race, Social Security number, driver’s license number, whether they have a disability or are a veteran, are just some of the intrusive inquiries made on this application. This begs the question, why can employers examine so closely a job seeker’s past in an application, but not in an interview? 

Here is part of the answer. Job applications become legal documents in that the applicant must sign that all information given is true. Notice that interviewees do not have to swear on such a Bible. This is useful for screening out applicants with past criminal convictions or other unwanted behaviors. Companies can use the application to check for truthfulness and integrity, which protects their organization and the people who work there, from disreputable people. 

Another issue is that employers are required to file U.S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC) reports with the federal government. Applications standardize the hiring process and can be used as documentation that shows employment discrimination is not occurring. Discrimination is much harder to prove in an interview.    

Two additional points about the discrepancy between questioning on applications vs. during interviews: Human Resource professionals should be the ones viewing completed applications, chuck full as they are with private information. When a receptionist, for example, is the one handling the app, then that is evidence of a shoddy operation. 

Also, let us not assume that all applications are in perfect synch with EEOC guidelines. One Boston professor informs me that, “I have found many job applications with prohibited questions on them. If someone doesn’t complain to the EEOC, then the practice will continue until someone does.”  

Job applications and interviews are governed by the same EEOC rules. Unfortunately, it cannot be safely assumed that all employers will follow those rules. Like it or not, diligence and knowledge about what is appropriate and what is not is yet another task falling to the already overburdened job seeker.